Medidas de política fiscal en respuesta a la crisis sanitaria en las principales economías del área del euro, Estados Unidos y Reino Unido
Autor
Fecha de publicación
10-ago-2020
Descripción física
47 p.
Resumen
La crisis epidemiológica provocada por la pandemia de Covid-19 ha supuesto una perturbación sin precedentes. Las medidas de contención adoptadas por las autoridades implicaron el cierre temporal de muchas actividades productivas y el confinamiento general de la población. Estos acontecimientos motivaron la implementación de medidas extraordinarias de política fiscal, con el objetivo de reforzar el sistema sanitario, paliar los efectos adversos de la pandemia sobre la economía y apoyar la actividad económica en la posterior fase de recuperación. En este documento se realiza un análisis descriptivo y comparado de las medidas adoptadas en algunas de las principales economías avanzadas occidentales (Alemania, Francia, Italia, España, Reino Unido y Estados Unidos). El objetivo es contar con una visión estructurada de las similitudes y diferencias en las respuestas nacionales a la crisis sanitaria en el ámbito de la política fiscal. A tal efecto, se describen las medidas presupuestarias y «extrapresupuestarias» (sin un coste presupuestario directo inmediato, como los avales y las garantías) adoptadas según su objetivo y funcionalidad (financiación del gasto sanitario, apoyo a la liquidez y solvencia de las empresas, protección del empleo y apoyo a los hogares), su instrumentación y, en menor medida, su tamaño. El análisis evidencia la presencia de una elevada heterogeneidad por países en cuanto a la cuantía de los paquetes anunciados, aunque no tanto en el tipo de medidas adoptadas. Del análisis realizado cabe resaltar dos mensajes. Primero, respecto a las medidas presupuestarias, destaca la mayor apuesta de los países por las subvenciones y transferencias directas a empresas y familias, frente a otras alternativas de sostenimiento de renta más indirectas. Segundo, en relación con las medidas extrapresupuestarias, la principal novedad de esta crisis frente a otras previas se refiere a la prominencia dada a los programas de garantías públicas para la provisión de liquidez a las empresas, instrumentados generalmente a través de los bancos públicos de desarrollo, frente a otros mecanismos de apoyo gestionados, por ejemplo, por los bancos centrales en colaboración con los tesoros nacionales. Finalmente, durante la fase de recuperación, los apoyos públicos se están centrando en sostener la renta de los hogares y la liquidez de las empresas —extendiendo, en algunos casos, las medidas temporales previamente adoptadas— mientras se estabiliza la economía, apoyar la solvencia de sectores estratégicos y fomentar la inversión empresarial.
The epidemiological crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has prompted an unprecedented shock. The containment measures adopted by the authorities have involved the temporary shutdown of many productive activities and the general confinement of the population. These events motivated the implementation of extraordinary fiscal policy measures aimed at strengthening the health system and alleviating the adverse effects of the pandemic on the economy, and supporting economic activity in the subsequent recovery phase. This paper provides a descriptive and comparative analysis of the measures adopted in some of the main advanced Western economies (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States). The objective is to have a structured view of the similarities and differences in national responses to the health crisis in the area of fiscal policy. To this end, the authors describe the budgetary and “extra-budgetary” (without an immediate direct budgetary cost, such as public guarantees) measures adopted according to their objective and functionality (health spending, support for firms’ liquidity and solvency, employment protection and support for households), their instrumentation and, to a lesser extent, their size. The analysis shows the presence of high cross-country heterogeneity in terms of the amount of the support packages, although not so much in the types of measures adopted. From the analysis, two messages should be highlighted. First, regarding budgetary measures, the countries’ greater commitment to subsidies and direct transfers to firms and households stands out, compared to other more indirect income support alternatives. Second, in relation to extra-budgetary measures, the main novelty of this crisis compared to previous ones is the prominence given to public guarantee programmes for the provision of liquidity to companies. These are generally implemented through public development banks, compared to other support mechanisms managed, for example, by central banks in collaboration with National Treasuries. Finally, during the recovery phase, public support is focusing on sustaining households’ income and firms’ liquidity – extending, in some cases, the temporary measures previously adopted – while stabilising the economy, supporting the solvency of strategic sectors and encouraging business investment.
The epidemiological crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has prompted an unprecedented shock. The containment measures adopted by the authorities have involved the temporary shutdown of many productive activities and the general confinement of the population. These events motivated the implementation of extraordinary fiscal policy measures aimed at strengthening the health system and alleviating the adverse effects of the pandemic on the economy, and supporting economic activity in the subsequent recovery phase. This paper provides a descriptive and comparative analysis of the measures adopted in some of the main advanced Western economies (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States). The objective is to have a structured view of the similarities and differences in national responses to the health crisis in the area of fiscal policy. To this end, the authors describe the budgetary and “extra-budgetary” (without an immediate direct budgetary cost, such as public guarantees) measures adopted according to their objective and functionality (health spending, support for firms’ liquidity and solvency, employment protection and support for households), their instrumentation and, to a lesser extent, their size. The analysis shows the presence of high cross-country heterogeneity in terms of the amount of the support packages, although not so much in the types of measures adopted. From the analysis, two messages should be highlighted. First, regarding budgetary measures, the countries’ greater commitment to subsidies and direct transfers to firms and households stands out, compared to other more indirect income support alternatives. Second, in relation to extra-budgetary measures, the main novelty of this crisis compared to previous ones is the prominence given to public guarantee programmes for the provision of liquidity to companies. These are generally implemented through public development banks, compared to other support mechanisms managed, for example, by central banks in collaboration with National Treasuries. Finally, during the recovery phase, public support is focusing on sustaining households’ income and firms’ liquidity – extending, in some cases, the temporary measures previously adopted – while stabilising the economy, supporting the solvency of strategic sectors and encouraging business investment.
Publicado en
Documentos Ocasionales / Banco de España, 2019
Otras versiones
Materias
Crisis sanitaria; Política fiscal; Ayudas de Estado; Subvenciones directas; Garantías públicas; Mecanismos de empleo parcial; Health crisis; Fiscal policy; State aid; Grants; Public loan guarantees; Short-time work schemes; Seguridad social y programas de asistencia social; Presupuesto y contabilidad pública; Política fiscal; Zona euro; Estados Unidos; Reino Unido
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