The relationship between pandemic containment measures, mobility and economic activity
Autor
Fecha de publicación
18-mar-2021
Descripción física
24 p.
Resumen
En este trabajo se construye, en primer lugar, un indicador a escala autonómica que trata de medir el volumen de medidas desplegadas en cada momento del tiempo para contener la pandemia. Para ello se analiza, mediante técnicas de análisis textual, la información contenida en las noticias de prensa. Al inicio de la pandemia, las medidas se tomaron de forma centralizada, pero a partir de junio comienzan a observarse diferencias entre regiones, que se intensificaron en la parte final del año. En segundo lugar, utilizando estimaciones lineales, con datos mensuales y con un nivel de desagregación autonómico, se documenta que la mayor parte de la reducción de la movilidad observada en España viene explicada por las restricciones desplegadas. No obstante, se aprecia un cambio en esta relación a lo largo de los últimos meses. Así, en las fases iniciales de la pandemia, se encuentra que la reducción de la movilidad fue superior a la que se desprendería de las restricciones aprobadas. Esto es, al principio se produjo, aparentemente, una cierta reducción de la movilidad de carácter voluntario. Sin embargo, tras la desescalada, el comportamiento de la movilidad se ha ajustado más al explicado por las medidas de contención en vigor. Por último, los resultados del trabajo apuntan a que la mayor parte de la caída en la actividad económica desde el comienzo de la crisis sanitaria puede explicarse por las reducciones observadas en la movilidad. El análisis considera solamente los efectos de corto plazo sobre la actividad, lo que es de gran utilidad para la elaboración de las proyecciones acerca del comportamiento del PIB en el trimestre corriente. La aproximación metodológica que se ha seguido no permite, por el contrario, evaluar el efecto de las medidas de contención de la pandemia sobre la actividad en horizontes temporales mayores. En particular, el impacto adverso sobre el producto de la economía que tiene lugar de forma contemporánea como consecuencia de las restricciones puede verse contrarrestado en el medio plazo por un efecto de signo opuesto, en la medida en que las restricciones impuestas hoy sirvan para evitar otras más contundentes en el futuro.
This paper first constructs a regional-scale indicator that seeks to gauge the volume of measures implemented at each point in time to contain the pandemic. Using textual analysis techniques, we analyse the information in press news. At the start of the pandemic, measures were taken in a centralised fashion; but from June, regional differences began to be seen and increased in the final stretch of the year. Second, using linear estimates, with monthly data and a level of regional disaggregation, the paper documents how most of the reduction in mobility observed in Spain has been due to the restrictions imposed. However, there has been a perceptible change in this relationship over recent months. In the early stages of the pandemic, the reduction in mobility was found to be greater than would be inferred by the restrictions approved. That is to say, at the outset there was apparently some voluntary reduction in mobility. Yet following lockdown-easing, the behaviour of mobility has fitted more closely with what might be attributed to the containment measures in force. Finally, the findings in the paper suggest that most of the decline in economic activity since the start of the crisis can be explained by the reductions observed in mobility. The analysis considers only the short-term effects on activity, which is very useful for preparing the projections on GDP behaviour in the current quarter. Conversely, the methodological approach pursued does not allow for evaluation of the effect of the pandemic containment measures on activity over longer time horizons. In particular, the adverse impact on the economy’s output that occurs concurrently as a result of the restrictions may be countered in the medium term by an effect of the opposite sign, to the extent that the restrictions imposed today may serve to prevent other more forceful ones in the future.
This paper first constructs a regional-scale indicator that seeks to gauge the volume of measures implemented at each point in time to contain the pandemic. Using textual analysis techniques, we analyse the information in press news. At the start of the pandemic, measures were taken in a centralised fashion; but from June, regional differences began to be seen and increased in the final stretch of the year. Second, using linear estimates, with monthly data and a level of regional disaggregation, the paper documents how most of the reduction in mobility observed in Spain has been due to the restrictions imposed. However, there has been a perceptible change in this relationship over recent months. In the early stages of the pandemic, the reduction in mobility was found to be greater than would be inferred by the restrictions approved. That is to say, at the outset there was apparently some voluntary reduction in mobility. Yet following lockdown-easing, the behaviour of mobility has fitted more closely with what might be attributed to the containment measures in force. Finally, the findings in the paper suggest that most of the decline in economic activity since the start of the crisis can be explained by the reductions observed in mobility. The analysis considers only the short-term effects on activity, which is very useful for preparing the projections on GDP behaviour in the current quarter. Conversely, the methodological approach pursued does not allow for evaluation of the effect of the pandemic containment measures on activity over longer time horizons. In particular, the adverse impact on the economy’s output that occurs concurrently as a result of the restrictions may be countered in the medium term by an effect of the opposite sign, to the extent that the restrictions imposed today may serve to prevent other more forceful ones in the future.
Publicado en
Documentos Ocasionales / Banco de España, 2109
Materias
Previsión a corto plazo; PIB; Actividad económica; Análisis textual; Indicadores de sentimiento; Indicadores cualitativos; Pandemia; COVID-19; Coronavirus; Movilidad; Restricciones; Datos de panel; Nowcasting; GDP; Economic activity; Textual analysis; Sentiment indicators; Soft indicators; Pandemic; COVID-19; Coronavirus; Mobility; Restrictions; Panel data; Fluctuaciones y ciclos económicos; Seguridad social y programas de asistencia social; Modelización econométrica; Modelos econométricos; España
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