Energy expenditure of Spanish industrial and services firms

Abstract

The article examines industrial and services firms’ direct energy costs as a proportion of their turnover in 2019, differentiating by fuel type (electricity, natural gas and other fuels) and by firm size and economic sector. The analysis shows that the proportional expenditure on different energy inputs is highly heterogeneous across productive sub-sectors. For energy-intensive sub-sectors, there are also differences in the composition of energy expenditure by firm size. In general, the larger the firm, the lower the proportion of turnover spent on electricity and other fuels, but the higher the proportion spent on natural gas.