CBDC and the operational framework of monetary policy
Autor
Fecha de publicación
6-feb-2024
Descripción física
75 p.
Resumen
En este trabajo analizamos el impacto de la introducción de una moneda digital emitida por el banco central (CBDC, por sus siglas en inglés) sobre el marco operativo de la política monetaria y la macroeconomía en su conjunto. Para ello, desarrollamos un modelo neokeynesiano con bancos heterogéneos, un mercado interbancario sujeto a fricciones, un banco central con facilidades de depósito y de crédito, y hogares con preferencias por distintos activos líquidos. La calibración del modelo permite reproducir los principales agregados monetarios y financieros de la zona del euro. Nuestro análisis predice que la adopción del CBDC implica una reducción aproximadamente equivalente de los depósitos bancarios. Sin embargo, esta contracción de los depósitos tiene un efecto reducido sobre los préstamos bancarios a la economía real y, por tanto, sobre la inversión agregada y el PIB. Este resultado refleja el impacto paralelo del CBDC en el marco operativo del banco central. Para niveles relativamente moderados de adopción de CBDC, la reducción de los depósitos es absorbida por una caída de las reservas en el banco central casi uno a uno, lo que implica una transición de un sistema «suelo» —con un volumen amplio de reservas— a uno de «pasillo». Para una adopción de CBDC mayor, la pérdida de depósitos bancarios se compensa con un mayor recurso al crédito del banco central, a la vez que el sistema pasillo da paso a un sistema «techo» con escasez de reservas.
We analyse the impact of introducing a central bank-issued digital currency (CBDC) on the operational framework of monetary policy and the macroeconomy as a whole. To this end, we develop a New Keynesian model with heterogeneous banks, a frictional interbank market, a central bank with deposit and lending facilities, and household preferences for different liquid assets. The model is calibrated to replicate the main monetary and financial aggregates in the euro area. Our analysis predicts that CBDC adoption implies a roughly equivalent reduction in banks’ deposit funding. However, this ‘deposit crunch’ has a rather small effect on bank lending to the real economy, and hence on aggregate investment and GDP. This result reflects the parallel impact of a CBDC on a central bank’s operational framework. For relatively moderate CBDC adoption levels, the reduction in deposits is absorbed by an almost one-to-one fall in reserves at the central bank, implying a transition from a ‘floor’ system – with ample reserves – to a ‘corridor’ system. For larger CBDC adoption, the loss of bank deposits is compensated by increased recourse to central bank credit, as the corridor system gives way to a ‘ceiling’ system with scarce reserves.
We analyse the impact of introducing a central bank-issued digital currency (CBDC) on the operational framework of monetary policy and the macroeconomy as a whole. To this end, we develop a New Keynesian model with heterogeneous banks, a frictional interbank market, a central bank with deposit and lending facilities, and household preferences for different liquid assets. The model is calibrated to replicate the main monetary and financial aggregates in the euro area. Our analysis predicts that CBDC adoption implies a roughly equivalent reduction in banks’ deposit funding. However, this ‘deposit crunch’ has a rather small effect on bank lending to the real economy, and hence on aggregate investment and GDP. This result reflects the parallel impact of a CBDC on a central bank’s operational framework. For relatively moderate CBDC adoption levels, the reduction in deposits is absorbed by an almost one-to-one fall in reserves at the central bank, implying a transition from a ‘floor’ system – with ample reserves – to a ‘corridor’ system. For larger CBDC adoption, the loss of bank deposits is compensated by increased recourse to central bank credit, as the corridor system gives way to a ‘ceiling’ system with scarce reserves.
Publicado en
Documentos de Trabajo / Banco de España, 2404
Materias
Monedas digitales; Mercado interbancario; Fricciones de búsqueda y emparejamiento; Exceso de reservas; Central bank digital currency (CBDC); Interbank market; Search and matching frictions; Excess reserves; Moneda digital de banco central; Política monetaria
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