Dual labor markets and the equilibrium distribution of firms
Autor
Fecha de publicación
25-oct-2024
Descripción física
76 p.
Resumen
En este documento estudiamos los efectos de la dualidad en el mercado de trabajo —es decir, la coexistencia de contratos temporales y contratos indefinidos— en la asignación de trabajadores dentro de la empresa y entre empresas distintas, la distribución de empresas en equilibrio, la productividad agregada y el bienestar social. Usando datos administrativos para España, documentamos que el uso de la temporalidad es muy heterogéneo entre empresas dentro de un mismo sector. En concreto, existe una fuerte relación entre la proporción de trabajadores temporales y el tamaño de la empresa, que es positiva cuando se observa la variación intraempresa, pero negativa cuando se observa la variación entre empresas. Con el objetivo de explicar estos resultados, construimos un modelo de búsqueda dirigida con empresas de múltiples trabajadores, heterogeneidad ex ante en tipos de tecnología y heterogeneidad ex post en productividad transitoria y en la composición del empleo por tipo de contrato y capital humano acumulado en la empresa. A través de ejercicios contrafactuales, encontramos que limitar el uso de contratos temporales disminuye la temporalidad e incrementa la productividad agregada, pero también reduce el empleo total y conduce a una disminución general en la producción total y el bienestar social. El incremento de la productividad proviene de una mejor selección de empresas, lo que compensa con creces un aumento en la mala asignación de trabajadores entre empresas.
We study the effects of dual labor markets (i.e. the co-existence of fixed-term and open-ended contracts) on the allocation of workers within and across firms, the equilibrium distribution of firms, aggregate productivity, and welfare. Using rich Spanish administrative data, we document that the use of fixed-term contracts is very heterogeneous across firms within narrowly defined sectors. In particular, there is a strong relationship between the share of temporary workers and firm size, which is positive when looking at within-firm variation but negative when looking at the variation between firms. To explain these facts, we use a directed search model of multi-worker firms, with ex-ante firm heterogeneity in technology types, and ex-post firm heterogeneity in transitory productivity, the composition of employment by contract type (fixed-term or open-ended) and human capital accumulated on the job. In counterfactual exercises, we find that limiting the use of fixed-term contracts decreases the share of temporary employment and increases aggregate productivity, but it also reduces total employment and leads to an overall decline in total output and welfare. The increase in productivity comes from an improved selection of firms, which more than offsets an increased misallocation of workers across firms.
We study the effects of dual labor markets (i.e. the co-existence of fixed-term and open-ended contracts) on the allocation of workers within and across firms, the equilibrium distribution of firms, aggregate productivity, and welfare. Using rich Spanish administrative data, we document that the use of fixed-term contracts is very heterogeneous across firms within narrowly defined sectors. In particular, there is a strong relationship between the share of temporary workers and firm size, which is positive when looking at within-firm variation but negative when looking at the variation between firms. To explain these facts, we use a directed search model of multi-worker firms, with ex-ante firm heterogeneity in technology types, and ex-post firm heterogeneity in transitory productivity, the composition of employment by contract type (fixed-term or open-ended) and human capital accumulated on the job. In counterfactual exercises, we find that limiting the use of fixed-term contracts decreases the share of temporary employment and increases aggregate productivity, but it also reduces total employment and leads to an overall decline in total output and welfare. The increase in productivity comes from an improved selection of firms, which more than offsets an increased misallocation of workers across firms.
Publicado en
Documentos de Trabajo / Banco de España, 2442
Materias
Mercado de trabajo dual; Contratos temporales; Dinámicas empresariales; Desempleo; Dual labor markets; Temporary contracts; Firm dynamics; Unemployment; Segmentación del mercado laboral; Empleo temporal; Tamaño de la empresa; Mercado de trabajo; España
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