CBDCs, banknotes and bank deposits: the financial stability nexus
Authors
Issue Date
4-Dec-2024
Physical description
51 p.
Abstract
Este artículo explora el nexo de la estabilidad financiera en un ecosistema de dinero ampliado con una moneda digital de banco central (CBDC, por sus siglas en inglés). El documento examina los nuevos riesgos asociados a la introducción de una CBDC, sus mitigantes y sus potenciales factores de amplificación. Los profesionales y académicos todavía parecen estar divididos sobre la validez del principio tradicional de separación del dinero en dos niveles, público y privado, como mitigante estructural de los riesgos de la sustitución de depósitos y la desintermediación bancaria hacia la CBDC. La posible amplificación de los riesgos debidos a la CBDC a través de efectos de segunda ronda relacionados con el crédito es una preocupación adicional. El estudio sistemático de los riesgos y mitigantes realizado en el artículo destaca la importancia de adaptar parcialmente el sistema monetario de dos niveles mediante la adopción de límites, como se contempla en los planes de CBDC. La mitigación endógena de los riesgos fruto de una mayor competencia bancaria promovida por la CBDC que a menudo se aduce resulta incierta y puede ser insuficiente desde una perspectiva de riesgo sistémico. La introducción de mitigantes exógenos, como límites a las tenencias de CBDC calibrados sobre la base de una metodología sólida, parece fundamental para garantizar la coherencia de un ecosistema monetario ampliado con una CBDC. Por lo tanto, el documento aborda algunas cuestiones metodológicas fundamentales relacionadas con estos límites, como la justificación de unos objetivos alternativos para su determinación, la influencia de los distintos tipos de desintermediación, los horizontes temporales involucrados en las limitaciones, la relevancia del proceso de adaptación y el papel de las fricciones regulatorias y de mercado. Un análisis empírico ilustrativo del caso español indica que la estabilidad financiera podría no ser una preocupación para niveles razonables de adopción de CBDC, aunque la complejidad y novedad de este instrumento requiere en el futuro un análisis más profundo.
This paper explores the financial stability nexus within a monetary ecosystem that has been expanded to include a central bank digital currency (CBDC). The paper examines the new risks associated with the introduction of a CBDC, their mitigants and their potential amplification factors. Economists and academics still seem to be split on the validity of the traditional principle of separating money into two tiers of public and private money, as a structural mitigant of the risks of deposit substitution and banking disintermediation towards CBDCs. The potential amplification of the risks associated with CBDCs through credit-related second-round effects is an additional concern. The systematic study of the risks and mitigants carried out in the paper highlights the importance of partially adapting the two-tier system of money by implementing certain limits, as envisaged in CBDC plans. The endogenous mitigation of the risks through improved bank competition often attributed to CBDCs is uncertain and may be insufficient from a systemic risk perspective. The introduction of exogenous mitigants, like CBDC holding limits calibrated on the basis of a robust methodology, seems instrumental to ensure the consistency of a monetary ecosystem that includes a CBDC. Hence, the paper addresses some fundamental methodological issues related to these limits, such as the rationale for alternative targets for the limits, the influence of disintermediation speed, the time horizons involved in the limitation and adaptation process, and the role of regulatory and market frictions. An illustrative empirical analysis for the Spanish case indicates that financial stability might not be a concern for reasonable levels of CBDC take-up, although the complexity and novelty of this instrument call for a more in-depth analysis in the future.
This paper explores the financial stability nexus within a monetary ecosystem that has been expanded to include a central bank digital currency (CBDC). The paper examines the new risks associated with the introduction of a CBDC, their mitigants and their potential amplification factors. Economists and academics still seem to be split on the validity of the traditional principle of separating money into two tiers of public and private money, as a structural mitigant of the risks of deposit substitution and banking disintermediation towards CBDCs. The potential amplification of the risks associated with CBDCs through credit-related second-round effects is an additional concern. The systematic study of the risks and mitigants carried out in the paper highlights the importance of partially adapting the two-tier system of money by implementing certain limits, as envisaged in CBDC plans. The endogenous mitigation of the risks through improved bank competition often attributed to CBDCs is uncertain and may be insufficient from a systemic risk perspective. The introduction of exogenous mitigants, like CBDC holding limits calibrated on the basis of a robust methodology, seems instrumental to ensure the consistency of a monetary ecosystem that includes a CBDC. Hence, the paper addresses some fundamental methodological issues related to these limits, such as the rationale for alternative targets for the limits, the influence of disintermediation speed, the time horizons involved in the limitation and adaptation process, and the role of regulatory and market frictions. An illustrative empirical analysis for the Spanish case indicates that financial stability might not be a concern for reasonable levels of CBDC take-up, although the complexity and novelty of this instrument call for a more in-depth analysis in the future.
Publish on
Documentos Ocasionales / Banco de España, 2436
Subjects
Moneda digital de banco central; Dinero digital; Pagos; Estabilidad financiera; Central bank digital currency; Digital money; Payments; Financial stability; Transacciones de pago; Política monetaria
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