Inflation and growth forecast errors and the sacrifice ratio of monetary policy in the euro area
Authors
Issue Date
28-Mar-2025
Physical description
41 p.
Abstract
Este trabajo investiga la relación entre los errores de previsión de la inflación y el crecimiento del PIB, y el tono esperado de la política monetaria en el área del euro durante el ciclo de política monetaria de 2022-2024, cuando la inflación estaba muy por encima del objetivo del Banco Central Europeo (BCE). Bajo expectativas racionales, las previsiones de contracciones monetarias deberían ser independientes de los errores de previsión de la inflación y del crecimiento subsiguientes. Sin embargo, encontramos que las previsiones de endurecimiento de la política monetaria están asociadas con un crecimiento del PIB superior al anticipado, lo que sugiere un menor efecto de la política monetaria en la actividad que el incorporado por los expertos del BCE/Eurosistema y del FMI. En otras palabras, estas proyecciones sobreestimaron la repercusión del multiplicador de la política monetaria sobre el crecimiento. Al mismo tiempo, las previsiones de endurecimiento de la política monetaria están relacionadas con una inflación menor que la esperada, lo que sugiere la subestimación del efecto del multiplicador de la política monetaria sobre la inflación. La combinación de estos dos hechos estilizados implica que estos expertos sobreestimaron la ratio de sacrificio durante el último ciclo de endurecimiento de la política monetaria. Esta evidencia sugiere que se habría percibido la reciente crisis inflacionaria en el área del euro, de manera inexacta, como predominantemente impulsada por factores de oferta, lo que llevó a subestimar su componente de demanda y a la creencia de que la política monetaria en el área del euro sería excesivamente costosa en términos de actividad.
This paper investigates the relationship between inflation and GDP growth forecast errors and the expected monetary policy stance in the euro area during the monetary policy cycle of 2022-2024, when inflation was well above the ECB’s target. Under rational expectations, forecasts of monetary contractions should be unrelated to subsequent inflation and growth forecast errors. On the contrary, we find that expected monetary policy tightening has been associated with higher than projected GDP growth, suggesting a lower monetary policy effect than that factored in by (ECB/Eurosystem and IMF) forecasters. In other words, forecasters overestimated the monetary multiplier. At the same time, monetary policy tightening has been associated with lower than expected inflation, suggesting an underestimation of the monetary multiplier on inflation. Putting these two stylized facts together implies that forecasters overestimated the sacrifice ratio during the last monetary policy tightening cycle. Our findings suggest that forecasters may have inaccurately perceived the recent inflationary crisis in the euro area as predominantly supply-driven, underestimating its demand-driven component. This led to the belief that monetary policy in the euro area would be exceedingly costly in terms of output.
This paper investigates the relationship between inflation and GDP growth forecast errors and the expected monetary policy stance in the euro area during the monetary policy cycle of 2022-2024, when inflation was well above the ECB’s target. Under rational expectations, forecasts of monetary contractions should be unrelated to subsequent inflation and growth forecast errors. On the contrary, we find that expected monetary policy tightening has been associated with higher than projected GDP growth, suggesting a lower monetary policy effect than that factored in by (ECB/Eurosystem and IMF) forecasters. In other words, forecasters overestimated the monetary multiplier. At the same time, monetary policy tightening has been associated with lower than expected inflation, suggesting an underestimation of the monetary multiplier on inflation. Putting these two stylized facts together implies that forecasters overestimated the sacrifice ratio during the last monetary policy tightening cycle. Our findings suggest that forecasters may have inaccurately perceived the recent inflationary crisis in the euro area as predominantly supply-driven, underestimating its demand-driven component. This led to the belief that monetary policy in the euro area would be exceedingly costly in terms of output.
Publish on
Documentos de Trabajo / Banco de España, 2516
Subjects
Modelos de previsiones; Transmisión monetaria; Política monetaria; Errores de previsión; Multiplicadores de política monetaria; Ratio de sacrificio; Forecast errors; Monetary policy multipliers; Sacrifice ratio; Zona euro
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