Rethinking GPR: the sources of geopolitical risk
Authors
Issue Date
6-May-2025
Physical description
70 p.
Abstract
Los riesgos y las tensiones geopolíticas son, hoy en día, factores que los responsables de política económica y los analistas consideran como condicionantes claves de la actividad económica a corto y medio plazo. Las medidas operativas ampliamente aceptadas de los riesgos geopolíticos tienden a basarse en el conteo del número de artículos de prensa relacionados con los eventos geopolíticos adversos, en particular a raiz del influyente trabajo de Caldara y Iacoviello (2022), en el que construyen sus índices de riesgo geopolítico (índices GPR, en sus siglas en inglés). En este documento proponemos una vía para avanzar en la medición de estos riesgos. Proporcionamos una descomposición del GPR, aprovechando la idea de que los riesgos geopolíticos que enfrenta un país pueden rastrearse hasta los países o regiones que son la fuente de dichos riesgos. En este sentido, explotamos la idea de que el riesgo geopolítico vinculado a una geografía o entidad política específica puede interpretarse como un GPR bilateral, y que su agregación proporciona una forma natural de interpretar el índice GPR general. Mostramos que nuestros índices añaden información distinta del GPR de referencia y que, juntos, forman una representación más precisa de las tensiones geopolíticas actualmente presentes entre las principales economías. Además, también exponemos que el origen geográfico de una determinada perturbación de GPR determina su efecto macroeconómico en una economía dada (según se calcula a partir de modelos vectoriales autoregresivos estándar), tanto en términos de la intensidad de dicho efecto como incluso de su signo (es decir, si una perturbación de GPR provoca un aumento o una reducción del producto interior bruto).
Geopolitical risks and tensions are nowadays regularly presented by policymakers and analysts as key conditioning factors of economic activity in both the short and the medium-run. Widely accepted operational measures of geopolitical risks tend to be based on counting the number of newspaper articles related to adverse geopolitical events, in particular following the ground-breaking paper of Caldara and Iacoviello (2022) in which they build their Geopolitical Risk (GPR) indexes. In this paper we propose one avenue to make further progress in the measurement of such risks. We provide a decomposition of GPR by exploiting the idea that the geopolitical risks that a country faces can be traced back to the countries or entities that are the source of those risks. In this regard, we exploit the idea that geopolitical risk linked to a specific geography or political entity can be interpreted as a “bilateral GPR”, and that the aggregation of such bilateral GPRs provides a natural way of interpreting the overall GPR index. We show that our indexes add distinct information from the benchmark GPR, and together form a more accurate representation of the geopolitical tensions currently present between the major economies. We also show that the geographical origin of a given GPR shock determines its macroeconomic effect in a given economy (as computed from standard VAR models), both in terms of the intensity of such effect and even its sign (i.e. whether a particular GPR shock causes GDP to increase or decrease).
Geopolitical risks and tensions are nowadays regularly presented by policymakers and analysts as key conditioning factors of economic activity in both the short and the medium-run. Widely accepted operational measures of geopolitical risks tend to be based on counting the number of newspaper articles related to adverse geopolitical events, in particular following the ground-breaking paper of Caldara and Iacoviello (2022) in which they build their Geopolitical Risk (GPR) indexes. In this paper we propose one avenue to make further progress in the measurement of such risks. We provide a decomposition of GPR by exploiting the idea that the geopolitical risks that a country faces can be traced back to the countries or entities that are the source of those risks. In this regard, we exploit the idea that geopolitical risk linked to a specific geography or political entity can be interpreted as a “bilateral GPR”, and that the aggregation of such bilateral GPRs provides a natural way of interpreting the overall GPR index. We show that our indexes add distinct information from the benchmark GPR, and together form a more accurate representation of the geopolitical tensions currently present between the major economies. We also show that the geographical origin of a given GPR shock determines its macroeconomic effect in a given economy (as computed from standard VAR models), both in terms of the intensity of such effect and even its sign (i.e. whether a particular GPR shock causes GDP to increase or decrease).
Publish on
Documentos de Trabajo / Banco de España, 2522
Subjects
Riesgos; Geopolítica; Economía internacional; Riesgo geopolítico; Tensiones geopolíticas y análisis textual; Geopolitical risk; Geopolitical tensions; Textual analysis
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