La economía española ante la crisis del Covid-19. Comparecencia ante la Comisión de Asuntos Económicos y Transformación Digital del Congreso de los Diputados, 18 de mayo de 2020
Authors
Issue Date
31-Aug-2020
Physical description
50 p.
Abstract
La pandemia de coronavirus ha colocado nuestra economía en una situación inédita,
por la enorme magnitud de esta perturbación adversa, su previsible temporalidad, aunque
con potenciales daños estructurales, y su absoluta globalidad. Algunas características
de la economía española —la especialización sectorial del tejido productivo, el reducido
tamaño medio de las empresas y la elevada temporalidad en el empleo— la hacen más
vulnerable que las de otros países a esta perturbación.
Esta situación demanda, en una primera fase, políticas económicas inmediatas
contundentes, acotadas en el tiempo —hasta que el empleo y la actividad económica
recuperen el pulso tras el proceso de hibernación inducida— y coordinadas
internacionalmente. El objetivo es paliar la pérdida de rentas de los hogares y las
empresas afectados por la crisis, y evitar que una perturbación de carácter temporal
genere efectos persistentes en el tiempo; para ello, la política fiscal es la herramienta
más adecuada. La política monetaria debe operar también de manera enérgica para
garantizar a los agentes económicos unas condiciones de financiación y liquidez
adecuadas. Las políticas micro- y macroprudencial deben promover que las entidades
financieras sigan haciendo llegar el crédito a las familias y a las empresas, y, a la vez,
preservar la estabilidad financiera del sistema. Además, la crisis, por ser global, exige
una respuesta coordinada a escala internacional y, en el plano europeo, una respuesta
conjunta, soportada por un mecanismo de mutualización de recursos financieros y de
riesgos, y una unión bancaria completa.
Una vez superada la fase más aguda de esta crisis, las políticas económicas deberán
abordar, fundamentalmente, los siguientes retos: reducir el déficit estructural y la deuda
pública, y favorecer el crecimiento a largo plazo. La estrategia deberá descansar en un
programa de consolidación presupuestaria de medio plazo —que, a través de una revisión
del gasto y de la estructura y capacidad impositivas, permita sanear nuestras finanzas
públicas—, así como en un programa de reformas estructurales que eleven la capacidad
de crecimiento económico, con especial atención a la mejora del capital humano y al gasto
eficiente en I+D.
The coronavirus pandemic has placed our economy in an unprecedented situation. The adverse shock has been on an enormous scale and truly global in nature, and while it is foreseeably temporary it has the potential to cause structural harm. Certain characteristics of our economy – the sectoral specialisation of our productive system, the small average size of firms and the high temporary employment ratio – make it more vulnerable than other countries to this shock. This situation initially calls for immediate and forceful economic policies. These should be time-limited – until employment and economic activity regain momentum following the shutdown imposed – and internationally coordinated. The aim is to alleviate the loss of income of the households and firms affected by the crisis and to prevent a temporary shock from causing persistent effects over time. And in this connection, fiscal policy is the most suitable tool. Monetary policy should also operate actively to ensure appropriate financing and liquidity conditions for economic agents. Micro- and macroprudential policies should spur financial institutions to continue to see that lending reaches households and firms and, in turn, they should preserve the system’s financial stability. Moreover, the crisis, as it is global, requires an internationally coordinated response. At the European level, a joint response is imperative, underpinned by a financial resources- and risk-sharing mechanism, and a complete Banking Union. Once the height of this crisis is behind us, economic policies should essentially tackle the following challenges: to reduce the structural deficit and public debt, and to promote longterm growth. The strategy should rest on twin programmes: a medium-term budgetary consolidation programme which, through a review of spending and of the tax structure and capacity, enables health to be restored to our public finances; and a structural reforms programme that raises economic growth capacity, with particular attention to enhancing human capital and efficient R&D expenditure.
The coronavirus pandemic has placed our economy in an unprecedented situation. The adverse shock has been on an enormous scale and truly global in nature, and while it is foreseeably temporary it has the potential to cause structural harm. Certain characteristics of our economy – the sectoral specialisation of our productive system, the small average size of firms and the high temporary employment ratio – make it more vulnerable than other countries to this shock. This situation initially calls for immediate and forceful economic policies. These should be time-limited – until employment and economic activity regain momentum following the shutdown imposed – and internationally coordinated. The aim is to alleviate the loss of income of the households and firms affected by the crisis and to prevent a temporary shock from causing persistent effects over time. And in this connection, fiscal policy is the most suitable tool. Monetary policy should also operate actively to ensure appropriate financing and liquidity conditions for economic agents. Micro- and macroprudential policies should spur financial institutions to continue to see that lending reaches households and firms and, in turn, they should preserve the system’s financial stability. Moreover, the crisis, as it is global, requires an internationally coordinated response. At the European level, a joint response is imperative, underpinned by a financial resources- and risk-sharing mechanism, and a complete Banking Union. Once the height of this crisis is behind us, economic policies should essentially tackle the following challenges: to reduce the structural deficit and public debt, and to promote longterm growth. The strategy should rest on twin programmes: a medium-term budgetary consolidation programme which, through a review of spending and of the tax structure and capacity, enables health to be restored to our public finances; and a structural reforms programme that raises economic growth capacity, with particular attention to enhancing human capital and efficient R&D expenditure.
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Documentos Ocasionales / Banco de España, 2023
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Subjects
Covid-19; Perturbación; Respuesta a la crisis; Políticas macroeconómicas; Reformas estructurales; Proyecto europeo; Crecimiento potencial; Shock; Crisis response; Macroeconomic policies; Structural reforms; European project; Potential growth; Evolución y desarrollo económicos; Integración económica europea; Política monetaria; España
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