How far has globalization gone? A tale of two regions
Authors
Issue Date
20-Oct-2023
Physical description
32 p.
Abstract
En este documento estudiamos la evolución de la globalización comercial en América Latina y Asia durante los últimos 25 años y cuantificamos su impacto económico. Basándonos en modelos de gravedad estructural, estimamos un proxy de la globalización del comercio que captura la facilidad de comerciar a escala internacional con respecto a comerciar a escala nacional. Los resultados indican patrones similares de globalización del comercio entre las dos regiones, pero un alto grado de heterogeneidad dentro de ellas. La globalización del comercio ha sido particularmente fuerte en la agricultura, la minería y las manufacturas, pero se ha rezagado en los servicios. La heterogeneidad dentro de la región está asociada a un conjunto de instrumentos de política comercial, incluidos los aranceles, las medidas no arancelarias, la membresía en la Organización Mundial del Comercio y los acuerdos comerciales. A continuación, cuantificamos las implicaciones económicas de las tendencias de globalización estimadas. Las simulaciones de un modelo de comercio multisectorial apuntan a impactos heterogéneos a largo plazo de la globalización en el PIB (algunos países muestran ganancias sustanciales y otros experimentan grandes pérdidas), sin que ningún sector desempeñe un papel preponderante.
We study the globalization of trade in Latin America and Asia over the past 25 years and quantify its economic impact. Employing structural gravity models, we first estimate a proxy of trade globalization that captures the ease of trading internationally with respect to trading domestically. The results indicate similar trade globalization patterns in the two regions, albeit with a high degree of heterogeneity within them. Trade globalization has been particularly strong in agriculture, mining and manufacturing, but has lagged in services. Within-region heterogeneity is associated with a set of trade policy instruments, including tariffs, non-tariff measures, WTO membership and trade agreements. Next, we quantify the economic implications of the estimated globalization trends. Simulations of a multi-sector trade model point to heterogeneous long-term impacts of globalization on GDP (some countries exhibiting substantial gains and others experiencing large losses), with no single sector playing a predominant role.
We study the globalization of trade in Latin America and Asia over the past 25 years and quantify its economic impact. Employing structural gravity models, we first estimate a proxy of trade globalization that captures the ease of trading internationally with respect to trading domestically. The results indicate similar trade globalization patterns in the two regions, albeit with a high degree of heterogeneity within them. Trade globalization has been particularly strong in agriculture, mining and manufacturing, but has lagged in services. Within-region heterogeneity is associated with a set of trade policy instruments, including tariffs, non-tariff measures, WTO membership and trade agreements. Next, we quantify the economic implications of the estimated globalization trends. Simulations of a multi-sector trade model point to heterogeneous long-term impacts of globalization on GDP (some countries exhibiting substantial gains and others experiencing large losses), with no single sector playing a predominant role.
Publish on
Documentos de Trabajo / Banco de España, 2329
Subjects
Comercio; Globalización; Modelos de gravedad estructural; América Latina; Asia; Trade; Globalization; Structural gravity; Latin America; Comercio internacional
Appears in Collections: